How to Write a Research Paper

Many researchers are struggling in writing the research paper and publishing it in the Journal.

The Steps to be followed to write a research paper.

• CHECK THE STYLE GUIDE FOR YOUR JOURNAL OF CHOICE
• DO A THOROUGH LITERATURE REVIEW

For More details about publishing a paper CLICK HERE

Free Access to Selected Journals in Computer Science

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DBMS Previous AnnaUniversity QP

Follow the following Links
Database Management Systems Question Papers of Anna University Chennai.
DBMS Question Paper

.NET Framework

Microsoft’s .NET Framework is a new computing platform built with the Internet in mind, but without sacrificing the traditional desktop application platform. The Internet has been around for a number of years now, and Microsoft has been busy developing technologies and tools that are totally focused on it. These earlier technologies, however, were built on Windows DNA (Distributed interNet Applications Architecture), which was based on COM (Component Object Model). Microsoft’s COM was in development many years before the Internet became the force that we know today. Consequently, the COM model has been built upon and added to in order to adapt it to the changes brought about by the Internet.

With the .NET Framework, Microsoft built everything from the ground up with Internet integration as the goal. Building a platform from the ground up also allowed the .NET Framework developers to look at the problems and limitations that inhibited application development in the past and to provide the  solutions that were needed to quickly speed past these barriers.

 .NET is a collection of tools, technologies, and languages that all work together in a framework to provide the solutions that are needed to easily build and deploy truly robust enterprise applications. These .NET applications are also able to easily communicate with one another and provide information and application logic, regardless of platforms and languages.

History of .NET Framework
Microsoft started development of the .NET Framework [.NetFx] in the late 1990’s with the code name "Next Generation Windows Services [NGWS]."

First beta version of .NetFx was released in November 2000. There after, Microsoft has released many versions of .NetFx to make .NetFx more effective and also developer friendly.

Version Name	Version Number	Release Date
1.0 Beta 1	1.0.xxxx.0	Nov - 2000
1.0 Beta 2	1.0.2914.0	20-Jun-2001
1.0 RTM	1.0.3705.0	05-Jan-2002
1.0 SP1	1.0.3705.209	19-Mar-2002
1.0 SP2	1.0.3705.288	07-Aug-2002
1.0 SP3	1.0.3705.6018	31-Aug-2004
1.1 SP1	1.1.4322.2032	30-Aug-2004
1.1 SP1	1.1.4322.2300	30-Mar-2005
2.0 RTM	2.0.50727.42	07-Nov-2005
3.0 RTM	3.0.4506.30	06-Nov-2006

The History of Java Language

Since 1995, Java has changed our world . . . and our expectations…

Today, with technology such a part of our daily lives, we take it for granted that we can be connected and access applications and content anywhere, anytime. Because of Java, we expect digital devices to be smarter, more functional, and the way more entertaining.

In the early 90s, extending the power of network computing to the activities of everyday life was a radical vision. In 1991, a small group of Sun engineers called the "Green Team" believed that the next wave in computing was the union of digital consumer devices and computers. Led by James Gosling, the team worked around the clock and created the programming language that would revolutionize our world – Java.

The Green Team demonstrated their new language with an interactive, handheld home-entertainment controller that was originally targeted at the digital cable television industry. Unfortunately, the concept was much too advanced for them at the time. But it was just right for the Internet, which was just starting to take off. In 1995, the team announced that the Netscape Navigator Internet browser would incorporate Java technology.

Today, Java not only permeates the Internet, but also is the invisible force behind many of the applications and devices that power our day-to-day lives. From mobile phones to handheld devices, games and navigation systems to e-business solutions, Java is everywhere!

For Java TimeLine Click here

DBMS Practical Program - 1 - SINGLE LINE FUNCTION

SQL> cl scr;


SQL> SELECT ABS(-87) "Absolute" FROM DUAL;


SQL> SELECT ACOS(.3)"Arc_Cosine" FROM DUAL;



SQL> select ceil(3.456) from dual;




SQL> select cos(80) from dual;


SQL> select sin(70) from dual;


SQL> select tan(60) from dual;


SQL> select power(25,2) from dual;


SQL> select sqrt(144) from dual;




SQL> select log(50,2) from dual;


SQL> select sign(-100) from dual;


SQL> select floor(25.7) from dual;




SQL> select mod(3,2) from dual;




SQL> select trunc(14.236,2) from dual;


SQL> select round(14.236,2) from dual;




SQL> select sysdate from dual;




SQL> select add_months(sysdate,2) from dual;




SQL> select trunc(sysdate,'month') from dual;




SQL> select months_between('01-jan-2010','01-jun-2010')from dual;



SQL> select next_day('12-FEB-2010',3)from dual;



SQL> select last_day('24-MAY-1990')from dual;




SQL> select to_char(sysdate,'mm-dd-yy') from dual;



SQL> select to_date('13-feb-90') from dual;




SQL> select to_number('3321',9999) from dual;





SQL> select initcap('indu') from dual;


SQL> select length('indu') from dual;




SQL> select upper('ksr college of engineering') from dual;



SQL> select lower('CRICKET') from dual;





SQL> select replace('elakkiya','kk','33') from dual;


SQL> select translate('elakkiya','ka','12') from dual;


SQL> select lpad('elakkiya','15','*') from dual;




SQL> select rpad('elakkiya','15','*') from dual;


SQL> select ltrim(' Ranjitha') from dual;



SQL> select rtrim('Ranjitha ') from dual;




SQL> select substr('Ranjitha',3,5) from dual;


SQL> create table pra1(Rno number(3),Name varchar2(15),Mark1 number(3),Mark2 number(3),Mark3 number(3));



SQL> insert into pra1 values(&rno,'&name',&m1,&m2,&m3);


SQL> /



SQL> select * from pra1;


SQL> select avg(mark1) from pra1;


SQL> select sum(mark1) from pra1;




SQL> select count(mark1) from pra1;


SQL> select max(mark2) from pra1;


SQL> select min(mark2) from pra1;


SQL> select mark1+mark2+mark3 "total" from pra1;


SQL> set linesize 140


SQL> select rno, name, mark1, mark2, mark3, mark1+mark2+mark3 "Total", (mark1+mark2+mark3)/3 "Average" from pra1;


SQL> spool off

The above script is worked with Oracle 10g Express Edition on Windows XP.

Commands to Formating Report

This article explains how to format your query results to produce a finished report.

SQL*Plus COLUMN command,can be used to change the column headings and reformat the column data in your query results. SQL*Plus uses column or expression names as default column headings when displaying query results. Column names are often short and cryptic, however, and expressions can be hard to understand.
 You can define a more useful column heading with the HEADING clause of the COLUMN command, in the following format:

COLUMN column_name HEADING column_heading

To produce a report from EMP_DETAILS_VIEW with new headings specified for LAST_NAME, SALARY, and COMMISSION_PCT, enter the following commands:

COLUMN LAST_NAME HEADING 'LAST NAME' 
COLUMN SALARY HEADING 'MONTHLY SALARY' 
COLUMN COMMISSION_PCT HEADING COMMISSION

To give the columns SALARY and LAST_NAME the headings MONTHLY SALARY and LAST NAME respectively, and to split the new headings onto two lines, enter

COLUMN SALARY HEADING 'MONTHLY|SALARY'
COLUMN LAST_NAME HEADING 'LAST|NAME'

to set the underline to =======

SET UNDERLINE =

COLUMN column_name CLEAR

The COLUMN command identifies the column you want to format and the model you want to use, as shown:

COLUMN column_name FORMAT model

Use format models to add commas, dollar signs, angle brackets (around negative values), and leading zeros to numbers in a given column. You can also round the values to a given number of decimal places, display minus signs to the right of negative values (instead of to the left), and display values in exponential notation.

To use more than one format model for a single column, combine the desired models in one COLUMN command
To display SALARY with a dollar sign, a comma, and the numeral zero instead of a blank for any zero values, enter the following command:

COLUMN SALARY FORMAT $99,990

To set the width of the column LAST_NAME to four characters and rerun the current query, enter

COLUMN LAST_NAME FORMAT A4

To give the column COMMISSION_PCT the same display attributes you gave to SALARY, but to specify a different heading, enter the following command:

COLUMN COMMISSION_PCT LIKE SALARY HEADING BONUS

To Reset the formatting for the column

COLUMN column_name CLEAR

You can insert blank lines or begin a new page each time the value changes in the break column. To insert n blank lines, use the BREAK command in the following form:

BREAK ON break_column SKIP n

To skip a page after every row, use

BREAK ON ROW SKIP PAGE

To show that SKIP PAGE has taken effect, create a TTITLE with a page number:
TTITLE COL 35 FORMAT 9 'Page:' SQL.PNO

If you organize the rows of a report into subsets with the BREAK command, you can perform various computations on the rows in each subset. You do this with the functions of the SQL*Plus COMPUTE command. Use the BREAK and COMPUTE commands together in the following forms:
BREAK ON break_column COMPUTE function LABEL label_name OF column column column ... ON break_column

The COMPUTE command has no effect without a corresponding BREAK command.

break on DEPARTMENT_ID page  nodup
          on JOB_ID skip 1 nodup

COMPUTE SUM OF SALARY ON DEPARTMENT_ID

You can also set a header and footer for each report. 

The REPHEADER command defines the report header; 

the REPFOOTER command defines the report footer.

A TTITLE, BTITLE, REPHEADER or REPFOOTER command consists of the command name followed by one or more clauses specifying a position or format and a CHAR value you wish to place in that position or give that format. You can include multiple sets of clauses and CHAR values:

TTITLE position_clause(s) char_value position_clause(s) char_value ... BTITLE position_clause(s) char_value position_clause(s) char_value ... REPHEADER position_clause(s) char_value position_clause(s) char_value ... REPFOOTER position_clause(s) char_value position_clause(s) char_value ...

To set the page size to 66 lines, clear the screen (or advance the printer to a new sheet of paper) at the start of each page, and set the line size to 70, enter the following commands:
SET PAGESIZE 66 
SET NEWPAGE 0 
SET LINESIZE 70

For detailed about Creating Oracle Reports : Click Here

Know about Cloud

Defining the Cloud

There are several definitions of cloud computing. The basic notion of cloud computing refers to the technology infrastructure model that enables several types of computing tasks to be performed over a network. The network can be a local area network or a wide area network like the Internet. The network will depend on the type of cloud—a private or public cloud computing service. A cloud computing infrastructure is composed of several types of hardware components (servers, storage systems, network components, etc.), software application components (programs, services, protocols, etc.), and information—the basic component of a cloud (Figure 1.).

Figure 1. A cloud platform is able to provide many computing services

If we consider the technological components previously mentioned, it’s evident that many are used to perform an organization’s daily tasks. Currently networks, servers, applications, and other technology tools are used to develop much of the computing processes in an organization. So, what is the difference between a traditional computing model and a cloud infrastructure?

While a traditional computing model infrastructure is based on resources such as hardware components (servers, storage devices or applications like enterprise resource planning [ERP], customer relationship management [CRM], and others), and business information, a cloud computing model infrastructure is based on services. This approach is different: in a traditional computing model all resources interact and affect the general infrastructure whereas the service oriented architecture (SOA) of a cloud computing model creates a more natural separation between two main layers. One is formed by the technology within the cloud infrastructure (computing hardware and applications) and the other is formed by information resources. Services can be configured, provisioned, or escalated internally without end user intervention or awareness. In a traditional computing system, it is more difficult to achieve the separation between the technical infrastructure and the functional infrastructure of the computing module (Figure 2.)

Figure 2. Cloud architecture enables clear separation between technology infrastructure and information infrastructure, based on services

For More about Cloud Computing : Click Here

Triggers

Database Triggers

A database triggers is stored PL/SQL program unit associated with a specific database table or view. The code in the trigger defines the action the database needs to perform whenever some database manipulation (INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE) takes place.

Unlike the stored procedure and functions, which have to be called explicitly, the database triggers are fires (executed) or called implicitly whenever the table is affected by any of the above said DML operations.


Till oracle 7.0 only 12 triggers could be associated with a given table, but in higher versions of Oracle there is no such limitation. A database trigger fires with the privileges of owner not that of user

A database trigger has three parts

1. A triggering event
2. A trigger constraint (Optional)
3. Trigger action

A triggering event can be an insert, update, or delete statement or a instance shutdown or startup etc. The trigger fires automatically when any of these events occur A trigger constraint specifies a Boolean expression that must be true for the trigger to fire. This condition is specified using the WHEN clause. The trigger action is a procedure that contains the code to be executed when the trigger fires.

Types of Triggers

The following are the different types of triggers.

Row triggers and statement triggers
A Row trigger fires once for each row affected. It uses FOR EACH ROW clause. They are useful if trigger action depends on number of rows affected.

Statement Trigger fires once, irrespective of number of rows affected in the table. Statement triggers are useful when triggers action does not depend on

Before and afterTriggers
While defining the trigger we can specify whether to perform the trigger action (i.e. execute trigger body) before or after the triggering statement. BEFORE and AFTER triggers fired by DML statements can only be defined on tables.

BEFORE triggers The trigger action here is run before the trigger statement.

AFTER triggers The trigger action here is run after the trigger statement.

INSTEAD of Triggers provide a way of modifying views that can not be modified directly using DML statements.

LOGON triggers fires after successful logon by the user and LOGOFF trigger fires at the start of user logoff.

Points to ponder
•A trigger cannot include COMMIT, SAVEPOINT and ROLLBACK.
•We can use only one trigger of a particular type .
•A table can have any number of triggers.
•We use correlation names :new and :old can be used to refer to data in command line and data in table respectively.

Triggers on DDL statements

DDL trigger are of the following types
BEFORE CREATE OR AFTER CREATE trigger is fired when a schema object is created.
BEFORE OR AFTER ALTER trigger is fired when a schema object is altered.
BEFORE OR AFTER DROP trigger is fired when a schema object is dropped.

Thanks to Exforsys

For More details on Trigger : Click Here

Creating Report in Oracle SQL.

The following are the commands needed to perform/preparing the report in SQL.

• COLUMN
• Set PAGESIZE
• Set LINESIZE
• COMPUTE
• BREAK ON

The following is the sample SQL script used to produce a report.

For more details about the SQL Commands  : Click Here